Travel marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Travel marketing - Essay Example This is exactly one of the objectives that informs this current report. From a face look there is no doubt that significant changes in the consumer behavioral patterns and stiffening threats posed by competitors are at the very core of this downward slide. Over the years the company’s principle of standing on the aisle of low-cost fares that includes the exemption of meal options onboard and other luxuries services have steadily lost their usefulness the failure to immediately recognize these indicators are the result of the decline that is currently taken place in the company. As a response, the company adopted a deliberately policy of segmenting the European market on a number of indices based on mainly income level and lifestyle. A cardinal objective of this report will be to highlight the operational environment of the company so as to gauge how effective and plausible its marketing strategies are. In a more narrow sense the goal is to identify where it stands with regards to the success of its advertisement campaigns within the framework of identifying its internal strengths that have the capacity to propel it into greater market heights in the phase of the stringent competition from other players in the industry. The advent of globalization with its attendant stiff necked competition has put players in the transportation industry; particularly those operating in the airline enterprises are now exposed to a new breed of challenges which require a strategic restructuring of policies that will enhance their ability to remain competitive. Among other things new campaigns are geared towards the enhancement of a standard level of customer loyalty. Robust marketing strategies have become an integral part of this new drive. Conscious of this, players in the industry have now brazed themselves up to respond to the new aggressive standards; this means that at the heart of all what needs to be done is to critically reassess

Clinical Research Industry Issues Essay Example for Free

Clinical Research Industry Issues Essay Services in the business sector becomes troublesome when customers seem to act too superior when dealing with the company’s employees (Bassett 25). Companies which disseminate excellent customer service definitely excel in the market (Bassett 26). There are plenty of physicians who run out of patients to treat, and still, there are a lot of patients who search for the right physicians (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Physicians enter into a competitive market within the consumer population by trying to put the best medical practices forward in the market of consumer population (Rizzo Sindelar 968). These medical practices are what make the physicians stand out among the patients (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Patients may decide to seek the services of a different physician due to relocation reasons (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Patients also may change the physician that they are seeing due to the fact that their previous physician is not able to disseminate the quality level of services that the patients are seeking (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Wider government services are of no use to be implemented as aid to pharmaceutical operations if the pharmaceutical industry would not adjust its degree of services to public needs (Olson 304). The pharmaceutical industry needs to work hand in hand with other health care provider companies so that it would be able to improve its services to the public (Olson 304). The pharmaceutical industry needs to work more closely with physicians in order to better improve its services. The pharmaceutical industries would be able to obtain advice from physicians regarding the following matters: Clinical Research Industry Issues 3 1. The rampant illnesses that patients possess. 2. The common types of medications that patients are prescribed to. With this information gathered by the pharmaceutical establishments from physicians, the pharmaceutical establishments may be able to provide better services to the patients. Literature Review 2. Ethical And Policy Issues In Research Involving Human Participants It is of utmost importance that the welfare or well-being of the human participants be given consideration when conducting a research (Jones 97). It is required that every researcher declare the progress of his/her report to a research study agency as outlined in a particular research’s ethical guidelines (Jones 97). 3. Research Involving Persons With Mental Disorders That May Affect Decision- Making-Capacity Researches on the origins of mental disorders refer to neurobiological elements as their causes (Walsh, Green, Matthews Puerto 43). Sixty one percent of the participants that have been studied on these researches unanimously states that a person with a high level of mental illness inherits the illness from a mentally ill parent (Walsh, Green, Matthews Puerto 43). 4. Bias In Pharmaceutical Sponsored (Funded) Clinical Trials Clinical Research Industry Issues 4 The pharmaceutical industry may become biased when sponsoring clinical trials. They may actually tamper with the results of the clinical trials to make it appear that the participants are sick even when they are not, just to increase the pharmaceutical industry’s sales. 5. Relationship Between Clinical Investigators And The Pharmaceutical Industry At times, the executives of the pharmaceutical industries bribe the clinical investigators in order to tamper with the results of the clinical trials. This is an unethical and legally violating event that takes place sometimes 6. Corporate Hand In Clinical Trials And Their Contracts With Medicine Academia The corporations usually consult the medicine academia for sources and aid in order to facilitate their clinical trials at the highest level of quality. Clinical Research Industry Issues 5 References: Bassett, G. (1992). Operations Management For Service Industries : Competing In The Service Era. Westport: Quorum Books. Rizzo, J. A. Sindelar, J. L. (2002). Optimal Regulation Of Multiply-Regulated Industries : The Case Of Physician Services. Southern Economic Journal, 62: 968. Walsh, J. , Green, R. , Matthews, J. Puerto, B. B. (2005). Social Workers’ Views Of The Etiology Of Mental Disorders: Results Of A National Study. Social Work , 50: 43.

School Readiness: Literature Review

School Readiness: Literature Review School Readiness The heart and core of this paper is the increased emphasis on School Readiness. The paper would define the integration, Cognition and Emotion with conceptualization of Childrens functioning at School level Entry. The character of work and society in the United States is changing. The technological nature of the information-based economy is placing increased emphasis on the active role of the individual in seeking out and applying knowledge in diverse ways. The workplace and the classroom increasingly require ready access to information and analytical and creative thinking skills that allow for self-regulated learning through goal setting, strategy use, and self-monitoring. Indeed, some see the ability of our educational institutions to enhance thinking skills and produce self-regulated learners as having broad implications for the future role of the United States in the global economy and the ongoing viability of the democratic process (Bransford, Brown, Cocking, 1999; Presidents Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, 1997). PART I Problem Statement From the standpoint of research on learning, the growing emphasis on thinking skills and self-regulation signals the need for increased understanding of the ways in which young children become active seekers and appliers of knowledge (Lambert McCombs, 1998). High levels of motivation and self-regulation are clearly associated with academic achievement independent of measured intelligence (Gottfried, 1990; Skinner, Zimmer-Gembeck, Connell, 1998). The developmental origins of motivation and engaged learning during early childhood, however, are less well known. Parents involvement, peer-group influences, and school characteristics have all been shown to influence motivation and engagement (e.g., Eccles, Wigfield, Schiefele, 1998; Grolnick Ryan, 1989; Ryan, 2000). But childrens characteristics associated with engagement in learning, particularly those related to brain development, have been less well studied. Part II Analysis of Policy Approaches Recent advances in developmental neuroscience indicate the rapid growth and modification in infancy and early childhood of brain areas that subserve self-regulation, including emotion, memory, and attention (Nelson Luciana, 2001). An important next scientific step in the study of self-regulation and engaged learning is the examination of implications of this rapid change and its determinants for functional outcomes, such as the adjustment to school (Byrnes Fox, 1998). To this end, I detail a central role for emotionality and emotion-related functioning in neurological development and childrens adjustment to school. I conclude by suggesting that influences on emotionality can influence the development of neurological interconnections among structures underlying emotion and higher order cognition. As such, these influences on emotionality are particularly relevant to the design and implementation of early compensatory educational programs to promote childrens school readiness (see Nelson, 2000b) and can assist in the ongoing construction of an empirical foundation on which to erect social policy designed to meet Americas foremost educational goal: ensuring that all children enter school ready to learn (Lewit Baker, 1995; Zigler, 1998). However, although my focus is on the development of self-regulation abilities as an aspect of school readiness, only by keeping in mind that readiness is a multidimensional construct involving family, peer, school, a nd community levels of influence will the value of the neurodevelopmental perspective on self-regulation become apparent. Ecologically minded thinkers on readiness focus on transactional, systemic models of influences and seek to define processes at multiple levels (S. L. Kagan, 1990, 1992; Meisels, 1996; Pianta Walsh, 1996). Within this developmental transactional approach, the study of emotionality provides an excellent framework for arraying multiple influences on readiness. Part III- (Recent Legislation) Whether defined as the regulation of emotion in appropriate social responding or the regulation of attention and selective strategy use in the execution of cognitive tasks, self-regulatory skills underlie many of the behaviors and attributes that are associated with successful school adjustment. Researchers have long considered intelligence to be a key predictor of success in school. Indicators of self-regulation ability, however, are independent and perhaps equally powerful predictors of school adjustment. Much of the literature on school readiness points to the importance of self-regulation (Grolnick Slowiaczek, 1994; Normandeau Guay, 1998; Wentzel, Weinberger, Ford, Feldman, 1990). Clear relations between achievement and the percentage of time that students are engaged in academic activities have been demonstrated both in elementary and in preschool regular and special education classrooms (Carta, Greenwood, Robinson, 1987; Greenwood, 1991). Emotionality and regulatory aspects of measures of temperament have also been implicated in school achievement in both regular and special education classrooms. Children who are temperamentally less distractible and exhibit more positively valenced and moderate levels of emotional intensity are rated by their teachers as being more teachable and achieve at higher levels academically than do children without these characteristics (Keogh, 1992; Martin, Drew, Gaddis, Moseley, 1988; Palinsin, 1986). As well, aspects of social and cognitive self-regulation, such as those implicated in friendship and social interaction skills (Ladd, Birch, Buhs, 1999) and in perceived control over learning (Skinner et al., 1998), point to a key role for childrens self-regulatory ability in the transition to school. Further, data from the National Center for Education Statistics survey of kindergarten teachers ratings of child characteristics considered to be essential or very important to being ready to start kindergarten indicate teachers predominant concern for regulatory aspects of childrens behavior (Lewit Baker, 1995). In particular, it is noteworthy that 84% of teachers endorsed that children need to be able to communicate wants, needs, and thoughts verbally, 76% endorsed the idea that children need to be enthusiastic and curious, and 60% endorsed that children need to be able to follow directions, not be disruptive of the class, and be sensitive to other childrens feelings. In contrast, only 21% of teachers endorsed the need for children to be able to use a pencil or paintbrush, and only 10% and 7%, respectively, endorsed knowing several letters of the alphabet and being able to count to 20 as being essential or very important to being ready to start kindergarten. In addition, in a survey conducted by the National Center for Early Development and Learning, 46% of a nationally representative sample of kindergarten teachers indicated that over half the children in their class lacked the kinds of abilities and experiences that would enable them to function productively in the kindergarten classroom (Rimm-Kaufman, Pianta, Cox, 2000). This suggests that many children are arriving at school without effective self-regulation skills. Overall, the results of these teacher surveys clearly indicate that kindergarten teachers are concerned with childrens regulatory readiness for school activities rather than with more strictly cognitive and academic aspects of readiness. The surveys suggest that teachers are concerned with being able to teach; that is, they are concerned with the capacity of each child to be attentive and responsive and to become engaged in the classroom. Development of Regulation Despite growing interest in self-regulation and evidence for its direct relevance to school readiness, individual differences in self-regulation and the relation of these individual differences to functional outcomes, such as the adjustment to school, have not been studied. The developing cognitive skills that, in part, form the basis for self-regulated learning are generally referred to as executive or metacognitive skills. Executive function is a construct that unites working memory, attention, and inhibitory control for the purposes of planning and executing goal-directed activity (Bell, 1998; Lyon Krasnegor, 1996; Zelazo, Carter, Reznick, Frye, 1997). That is, the construct combines basic cognitive processes within a goal-directed executive that marshals resources toward a desired end state. Normative developmental study of executive function, usually in cross-sectional designs with a battery of neuropsychological assessments, indicates an age-related maturational developmental course for the construct and its component processes (Krikorian Bartok, 1998; Luciana Nelson, 1998; Welsh, Pennington, Groisser, 1991). These findings support the idea that the emergence of behaviors indicative of cognitive processes involved in executive function are dependent to some extent on the development of the prefrontal cortex at ages approximately congruent with school entry (Gerstadt, Hong, Diamond, 1994; Luciana Nelson, 1998). As well, the finding that executive ability and general intelligence are only moderately correlated (Krikorian Bartok, 1998; Welsh et al., 1991) further underscores that executive regulatory skill is an independent contributor to the school-adjustment process. Clinical examination of frontal lobe damage has indicated that frontal dysfunction, depending on t he exact location of the deficit, leaves specific cognitive abilities and general intelligence largely intact but greatly impairs planning, self-monitoring, attention, and responsiveness to impending reward or punishment (Damasio, 1994; Eslinger, Biddle, Pennington, Page, 1999; Tranel Eslinger, 2000). A longitudinal study of the development of one aspect of executive cognition, referred to as effortful or inhibitory control has demonstrated it to be an antecedent of the internalization of norms of conduct in young children (Kochanska, Murray, Coy, 1997). When examined by a multimethod measure defined as the ability to inhibit a predominant response when instructed to engage in a subdominant response (i.e., to be told to wait to eat a cookie or to unwrap a present), effortful control has been shown to increase with age, to be stable, and to become increasingly coherent. As well, several characteristics of children and parents have been associated with the construct of effortful control. Childrens capacity for focused attention in infancy and maternal responsiveness to children, as well as parental personality characteristics such as dependability, prudence, and self-control, have been associated with variation in effortful control (Kochanska, Murray, Harlan, 2000). Similarly, maternal responsiveness in infancy, as assessed by a measure of the affective synchrony of the mother and child in face-to-face interaction, has been identified as a precursor of effortful control at age 24 months. Most notably, however, the interaction of mother–child affective synchrony with child negative emotionality appears to be a highly salient predictor of self-regulation. In particular, the impact of affective synchrony in mother–infant interaction on the development of effortful control is large for children exhibiting high negative emotionality in infa ncy. The effect of affective synchrony on effortful control for infants not characterized by negative emotionality is substantially smaller (Feldman, Greenbaum, Yirmiya, 1999). The role of negative emotionality in early intervention to prevent grade retention is of strong interest. Grade retention appears to be a well-intentioned educational practice that frequently has deleterious consequences for childrens academic and social success in school (Shepard Smith, 1989). In spite of evidence indicating adverse outcomes associated with its use, the practice persists, and effective programs to prevent its occurrence are needed. The continued use of grade retention as a remedial strategy seems to reflect the lack of alternative solutions when teachers have concerns about the academic progress, maturity, and general school readiness of individual children. To the extent to which grade retention is dependent on interrelations among childrens social, emotional, and cognitive adaptation to school, it may be that early compensatory education interventions that specifically address social and emotional functioning can prevent its occurrence. Future Directions Examination of emotionality within early intervention to promote school readiness and prevent grade retention provides a useful model for evaluating the role that programs to enhance social and emotional competence might play in preschool education. The study of emotionality suggests that a particularly promising direction for early intervention efforts may be the implementation in preschool and early elementary school of programs that combine interventions focusing on social and emotional competence with early compensatory education. Such programs would provide an exceptionally strong model for the promotion of school readiness and school success. As noted above, several early compensatory education interventions have demonstrated cognitive benefits to program recipients. Several school-based programs to enhance social and emotional competence have also demonstrated benefits to childrens social competence (see Eisenberg, Wentzel, Harris, 1998, for a review). An interesting area in which programs focusing on social competence interface with more cognitively oriented programs is problem solving related to the development of executive cognitive functioning. A particular example of the executive cognitive problem-solving approach to the promotion of prosocial behavior and social competence is the Promoting Alternative Thinking Skills (PATHS) curriculum, an intervention curriculum with demonstrated benefits to young childrens social competence, emotion regulation, and problem-solving skills in the early elementary grades (Greenberg, Kusche, Cook, Quamma, 1995). The neurobiological approach to early childhood education and school readiness is premised on the idea that the school classroom represents a distinct context within which specific regulatory demands are made of children. Children are expected to adapt to a socially defined role for which they may or may not have been previously socialized. Differences among children in the capacity for regulation within this environment, as well as differences in supports for childrens self-regulatory attempts both within and without this environment, are important to conceptualizations of readiness that view the transition to school within an ecological framework (Meisels, 1996; Pianta, Rimm-Kaufman, Cox, 1999). From the foregoing, it can be seen that a focus on childrens characteristics in the development of readiness does not preclude study of the influences of parents, schools, and communities. On the contrary, when viewed from the ecological contextual perspective that drives much of the resea rch on child development, it necessitates their inclusion. Researchers concerned with readiness over the past two decades have rightly moved from static child-focused conceptions of readiness embodied in academically oriented standardized tests of ability or aptitude. An exclusive focus on childrens cognitive skills and abilities in the assessment of readiness has proved to be of limited benefit (Pianta Walsh, 1996). This fact has rightly led researchers to seek alternative definitions for and determinants of readiness. This recognition of readiness as a socially constructed phenomenon has led to a broadening of the research base to include a focus on schools and teachers and the development of educational policies geared toward maximizing childrens potential for success in school (Graue, 1993; NAEYC, 1990; Willer Bredekamp, 1990). Continued efforts to foster readiness with an eye toward the neurobiology and psychophysology of childrens emotionality and regulation may be particularly likely to yield long-term benefits. In this, measures of biologically based processes can serve as both predictors and outcomes in the evaluation of programs to promote readiness and success in school. Programs to foster regulation can use physiological and neurocognitive measures to identify individuals at high risk for poor school outcome because of negative emotional reactivity. Treatment Ãâ€" Risk interactions can be specified that can increase the precision with which intervention effects on outcomes are estimated. Although-brain imaging techniques are perhaps not currently usable with children younger than seven years of age because of features of the assessment, magnetic resonance imaging and perhaps, under certain conditions, positron emission tomography could be used, along with physiological and neurocognitive assessments, as outcome measures of the efficacy of preschool interventions. Programs could demonstrate efficacy through assessments of behavioral outcomes and underlying neurobiology and physiology. As in the studies by Fox et al. (2001) and Davidson and Rickman (1999), which indicated change over time in emotional reactivity and EEG measures of frontal asymmetry, intervention studies might demonstrate change in frontal asymmetry and emotionality in response to curricula designed to reduce stress, foster emotional competence, and enhance attention, working memory, and other components of cognitive self-regulation. As noted by Nelson (1999), neuroscientific measurement techniques and knowledge of neural plasticity and human development are now sufficiently advanced to inform the conceptualization and evaluation of interventions to promote competence and foster resilience. PART IV Conclusion In conclusion, the neurobiological approach to the study of readiness can now supplant nativist or idealist conceptions of readiness that focus exclusively on maturation. The maturational view, primarily associated with Arnold Gessell (1925), posited that readiness comes about through the gradual development of abilities that facilitate learning: being able to sit quietly, to focus on work, to attend, and to follow directions. Certainly, there is some maturational component to the neurodevelopmental view of readiness; however, the traditional maturational view has been fully supplanted by an epigenetic conception of relations between nature and nurture (Elman et al., 1996). Indeed, the ideas that fostered the replacement of the traditional maturational view with an epigenetic conception of development were clearly in place in Gesells time, most notably in the work of Myrtle McGraw (1946/1995). Although any explicitly maturational view is and always has been unsuitable as a theoretical basis for child study, the child characteristics important for readiness that such a view purports to explain remain vital to the construct. In their modern form, however, these characteristics are now tethered to a comprehensive and ecologically sensitive framework relating neurobiological and behavioral research. Behavioral scientists, educators, and policymakers studying readiness and school adjustment should be aware of this. To this end, I have attempted to propose a conception of readiness that maintains a focus on relevant aspects of child functioning in a way that is theoretically and empirically well established and that has demonstrated or demonstrable links to family, peer, classroom, school, and community influences on readiness and school achievement.

Modern Labyrinth Essays -- Literacy Analysis

Film is a form of storytelling, and all stories are, in essence recycled, contemporary films must modernize a story of the past to make it accessible to modern audiences. This is the case with the film, Pan’s Labyrinth. The myth of â€Å"Theseus and the Minotaur† has been rewritten and modernized in the 2006 film, Pan’s Labyrinth. The myth â€Å"Theseus and the Minotaur† and the morals that exist within it, present a context in which it will be possible to interpret and analyze the film Pan’s Labyrinth as a modern day rewriting of the myth. In order to understand how Pan’s Labyrinth has been rewritten, it is important to first understand the original myth of â€Å"Theseus and the Minotaur†. According to Edith Hamilton’s Mythology, the story of Theseus and his quest to slay the Minotaur begins long before Theseus’s birth. â€Å"Minos, the powerful ruler of Crete, had lost his only son†¦while the young man was visiting the Athenian King† (Hamilton 211). In order to seek revenge, Minos invaded Athens and â€Å"declared that he would raze it to the ground unless every nine years the people sent him a tribute of seven maidens and seven youths† (Hamilton 212). When the victims reached Crete, they would be sacrificed to a beast that was â€Å"half bull, half human†, known as the Minotaur (Hamilton 212). The Minotaur was housed in a labyrinth where â€Å"escape was impossible† (Hamilton 212). â€Å"To this place, the young Athenians were each time taken and left to t he Minotaur† (Hamilton 212). This ritual continued until one year, Theseus, son of the Athenian king and heir to throne, offered to be one of the victims. Unbeknownst to the people, Theseus had every intention of slaying the beast. â€Å"When the young victims arrived in Crete they were paraded before the inhabitants o... ...ce to bravely and defiantly act against authority rather than blindly remain obedient. This film shows the power of innocence over evil and the triumph of imagination over colorless servitude just as the original tale of Theseus and the Minotaur, but with a darker new interpretation. Works Cited Filmtracks Modern Soundtrack Reviews. (2007, January 05). Retrieved May 04, 2012, from http://www.filmtracks.com/titles/pans_labyrinth.html Goodykoontz, B., & Jacobs, C. P. (2011). Film: From Watching to Seeing. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. https://content.ashford.edu Hamilton, Edith. Mythology. 1942. N.p.: Back Bay Books, 1998. Print VC. (2010, September 23). The Vigilant Citizen. Retrieved May 05, 2012, from The Esoteric Interpretation of Pan's Labyrinth: http://vigilantcitizen.com/moviesandtv/the-esoteric-interprentation-of-pans-labyrinth/

Legislative Branch Essay

There are many important parts in the process of the legislative branch. The legislative branch creates laws, and during that process many things must happen. The bill must pass majority votes for the House, the Senate and then the President must sign the bill into law. If the President vetoes it, the Senate can override it. The legislative branch is very complex but important to our country’s government. The most important step of the legislative branch is when a bill becomes a law. The very intricate course that the bill takes is what legislation is all about. Since not all bills become laws, it is important that they pass majority of votes in the House and Senate. If it does not pass, the bill is destroyed and will have to start the editing journey over again. It is for this reason that the process of a bill becoming a law is a crucial step in the legislative process. The Senate’s ability to override is another very important aspect to the legislative branch. The Senate displays a very equal disbursement of each state in a fair manner, two per state. If the President vetoes a law, the Senate has the power to override it. This is very important because it assures voices from every state to be heard, rather than just the President’s. It also gives the bill another chance to become a law. The power of the Senate plays a huge role in the legislative branch. The legislative branch is the most important branch of government. It has a very elaborate process in which a bill must go through. Some aspects are more substantial than others. When a bill officially becomes a law is essential, as well as the Senate’s qualification to override the President’s decision. The complexity of the legislative lawmaking process does not undermine the importance of each step taken to create the law.

Jena Six and United States Courts Essay

Jena Six and United States Courts Essay Jena Six and United States Courts Essay United States Courts Assignment 2: United States Courts james mikes Professor Robert Hammes August 23, 2013 FOOTBALL STAR On July 8, 2002, 16-year-old Brian Banks, a blossoming football star at Polytechnic High School in Long Beach, California, was attending summer school and anticipating his senior season on the football team. He had verbally accepted a four-year scholarship to play football at the University of Southern California. Shortly after 11:00 a.m., the 6-foot-4-inch, 225-pound Banks requested a pass to leave the classroom to use the telephone. On his way down the hall, he saw 15-year-old Wanetta Gibson, whom he had known from middle school, leaving the bathroom. On January 3, 2003, the Los Angeles County District Attorney’s office charged him with two counts of forcible rape and one count of sodomy with a special circumstance of kidnapping. Facing a potential prison term of 41 years to life, Banks pleaded no contest on July 8, 2003. He was sentenced to six years in prison. Banks served five years in prison and then was released on parole with an ankle monitor, he was required to regist er as a sex offender. On May 24, 2012, the conviction was set aside and the charges against Banks, 26, were dismissed at the request of Los Angeles Deputy District Attorney Brentford Ferreira. In 2013, the Long Beach Unified School District won a $2.6 million default judgment against Gibson. Justice was severed after a man spent six years of his life incarcerated that can’t be given back. This falls back on the high school where this event took place, for the lack of security in the school. Wanetta Gibson having to pay 2.6 million back to the school for false acquisition against Brian is justified. This case shows the true flaws in the justice system and how imperfect humans can be on judgment. JENA 6 Five members of the Jena Six pleaded, no contest to misdemeanor simple battery and won't serve jail time, ending a case that thrust a small Louisiana town into the national spotlight and sparked a massive civil rights demonstration. The five, standing quietly surrounded by their lawyers, were sentenced to seven days unsupervised probation and fined $500. It was a far less severe end to their cases than seemed possible when the six students were initially charged with attempted murder in the 2006 attack on Justin Barker, a white classmate. They became known as the "Jena Six," after the central Louisiana town where the beating happened. As part of the deal, one of the attorneys read a statement from the five defendants all of whom are black in which they said they knew of nothing Barker had done to provoke the attack. Charges against Carwin Jones, Jesse Ray Beard, Robert Bailey Jr., Bryant Purvis and Theo Shaw had previously been reduced from attempted murder to aggravated second-degree battery. All but Shaw were assessed $500 in court costs. The judge did not tack that punishment on to Shaw's case because he stayed in jail for almost seven months, unable to raise bail, following his initial arrest. The matter at hand started with the noose hanging, the young man that was assaulted didn’t happen the day noose was seen. Therefore the six young men planned before hand and received a lighter charge, because people marched in their favor and the media played a big role in the case. â€Å"Simple battery is a misdemeanor offense and carries up to 6 months in jail and fines reaching $1,000.† LA Code RS 14:35 This case is one of the most controversial case in American history, due to the overall outcome. David Ranta was convicted of killing a Jews rabbi Chaskel Werzberger in Williamsburg on February 8, 1990 in a botched robbery attempt of a diamond courier. The recently created Conviction Integrity Unit of the Brooklyn District Attorney's office determined after a year-long investigation that witnesses were coached and police mishandled evidence. Ranta had proclaimed his innocence from the start. Investigators

Malaysian Rainforests Overview

Malaysian Rainforests Overview Southeast Asian rainforests, such as those that dominate the Malaysian region, are believed to be the oldest and some of the most biologically diverse forests in the world. However, they are now in danger of disappearing due to a number of human activities that threaten the ecosystem. Location The Malaysian rainforest eco-region extends across peninsular Malaysia to the extreme southern tip of Thailand. Characteristics Malaysian rainforests contain several different forest types throughout the region. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), these include lowland dipterocarp forest, hill dipterocarp forest, upper hill dipterocarp forest, oak-laurel forest, montane ericaceous forest, peat swamp forest, mangrove forest, freshwater swamp forest, heath forest, and forests that thrive on limestone and quartz ridges. Historical Extent of Habitat The extent of Malaysias land surface was forested before humans began clearing trees. Current Extent of Habitat Currently, forests cover about 59.5 percent of the total land area. Ecological Significance Malaysian rainforests support a vast diversity of plant and animal life, including approximately 200 mammal species (such as the rare Malayan tiger, Asian elephant, Sumatran rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, gaur, and clouded leopard), over 600 species of birds, and 15,000 plants. Thirty-five percent of these plant species are found nowhere else in the world. Threats The clearing of forest land by humans is the primary threat to the Malaysian rainforest ecosystem and its inhabitants. Lowland forests have been cleared to create rice fields, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, and orchards. In conjunction with these industries, logging has boomed as well, and the development of human settlements further threatens the forests. Conservation Efforts WWF-Malaysias Forest for Life Programme works to improve forest preservation and management practices throughout the region, paying special attention to the restoration of degraded areas where critical forest corridors are required by wildlife for safe travel throughout their habitats. WWFs Forest Conversion Initiative works with producers, investors, and retailers around the world to ensure that expansion of oil palm plantations does not threaten High Conservation Value Forests. Get Involved Support the World Wildlife Funds efforts in establishing and improving protected areas by signing up as a Direct Debit Donor. Travel to WWFs project sites in Malaysia to help contribute to the local economy with your tourism dollars and exhibit global support of these conservation programs. You will help to prove that protected areas can generate income for the state governments without the need to exploit our natural resources unsustainably, explains WWF. Forest managers and timber products processors can join the Malaysia Forest and Trade Network (MFTN). When buying any wood product, from pencils to furniture to construction materials, be sure to check sources and, ideally, choose only certified sustainable products. Find out how you can help WWFs Heart of Borneo project by contacting: Hana S. HarunCommunications Officer (Malaysia, Heart of Borneo)WWF-Malaysia (Sabah Office)Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor, CPS Tower,Centre Point Complex,No.1, Jalan Centre Point,88800 Kota Kinabalu,Sabah, Malaysia.Tel: 6088 262 420Fax: 6088 242 531 Join the Restore and Kinabatangan - Corridor of Life initiatives to reforest the Corridor of Life in the Kinabatangan Floodplain. If your company would like to contribute to reforestation work, please contact the Reforestation Officer: Kertijah Abdul KadirReforestation OfficerWWF-Malaysia (Sabah Office)Suite 1-6-W11, 6th Floor, CPS Tower,Centre Point Complex,No.1, Jalan Centre Point,88800 Kota Kinabalu,Sabah, Malaysia.Tel: 6088 262 420Fax: 6088 248 697

Stranger in the Village Essays

Stranger in the Village Essays Stranger in the Village Paper Stranger in the Village Paper Essay Topic: The Stranger To start off, this essay is the first hand account of James Baldwin experiences in a tiny Swiss village 4 hours outside of Milan. Lets begin on who James Baldwin is, Baldwin is an African American male who has recently left the united States to come observe an know more about the relation of racism and societies. Baldwin Is very proud of his African American heritage even though it has become more segregated then ever in the early part of the civil rights movement. The village is so small that is almost unknown as claimed by Baldwin, he goes on to describe is as a unattractive own that Is stuck In the past; to add on to that the town seem to be very primitive as claimed in this passage In the village there is no movie house, no bank, no library, no theater; very few radios, one Jeep, one station wagon; and at the moment, one typewriter, mine, an invention which the woman next door to me here had never seen. Baldwin Paragraph 2. Baldwin being a African American male, Is the first experiences many of the people of the small Swiss village have encountered, that being a factor can be at times why the village seems very racial towards him, engendering the fact he is the first of his kind to step foot into the village. I will go on to explain the emotions that Baldwin starts to feel on the racism expressed in the essay and the way It touches on some of the modern day struggles that go on. The 4th paragraph you start to witness the rage building up from some of the villagers actions. With one case being the children calling Baldwin a Anger! this can be compared to the civil rights movement in the middle of the 1 asss when racial separation was very common In modern united States, when racial slurs would be led at Black Students who did not blend in with the surrounding. Baldwin shows us that because of Americans, black men were looked down upon, and the word Niger was created by Americans who failed to realize that blacks also have rights. This belief has spread world wide, even Into small villages. Because of this, black and white people alike will never be the same as they once were, and the world has been forever changed. This is an easy comparison for what Baldwin could have been easily be feeling right at that moment in time, not only is that degrading to him, but also his culture. Baldwin feels very strongly about his culture and his roots that he has come from. When someone shows such a strong hatred to another race and it spreads world wide it cannot be changed over night. Baldwin relies on us a smart individual to realize this. To show another example to modern times, the worlds view on homosexuality and the degrading things that are said about them, such as but not to limit, tag, homo, gay, fagged. Even though through out the world homosexuality Is becoming more and more accepted there is always going to be those places that cannot change their view. Another statement I want to examine is that shown in he 4th paragraph In all of this, In which It must be conceded there was the charm of genuine wonder and In which there were certainly no element of Intentional unkindness, there was yet no suggestion that I was human: I was simply a living wonder. This is seems to be the turning point for Baldwin, you can see that he has I OFF seem to give a little slack to ten village Tort not unreasoning. Ana Tanat teeny are more curious than anything about his different features. The next paragraph we start to feel some of the pain not much but it is starting to become more noticeable in that Baldwin speaks. l knew that they did not mean to be unkind, and I know it now; it is necessary, nevertheless, for me to repeat this to myself each time that I walk out of the chalet as I read this paragraph over to understand it more thoroughly. He expressing to himself that it never Just blows over but it hurts every time he leaves his cabin, that he must be brought to the same pain over and over again. They also wonder why the color of his skin does not rub off them when they touch him and that no electrical shock occurs when they touch his woolly hair. The adults come off in such subtle way in the way they present their insults. Later in the paragraph you notice some frustration that the author is feeling with the children some days he enjoys talking with the kids and then other days he Just want to blow right past them. As we go farther along in the passage we come along to an interesting fact about around some of the villages they buy African Americans to convert them to Christianity, this is very intriguing for it seems to be backwards from the norm that you always here about, with Africans being bought for only slavery, but is there more to this? Baldwin later goes on to explain that YES! For someone to take you away from your original environment and convert you to an all-new lifestyle is very disturbing. Imagine this youre a late asss male growing up to believe in one way of life and to be only taken and to be told that you have been taught wrong for all your life. This leads me to another part of Baldwin adventure were he compare the interactions between a white man visiting a black village and vice versa with a black man visiting a white village. He speaks on points such as the black village being astonished and marveling over the fact that the white man is different. But the fact that white men or in this case white village as put so much space between him and them is starting to get hit the core of him. His anger towards the white man is now showing, that he cannot forgive them for what pain they have cause to his ancestors. The fact is that Baldwin is trying to accept the fact that this part of the world has not yet experienced the racial diversity that has been expressed in America; most of the villagers have not even been able to leave the foot of the mountain. He goes on to conclude that there will never be an all white world and that we shall always be verse. To help explain this I want to look at one quote from Baldwin, The time has come to realize that the interracial drama acted out on the American continent has not only created a new black man, it has created a new white man, too. No road whatever will lead Americans back to the simplicity of this European village where white men still have the luxury of looking on me as a stranger. Baldwin is stating that the world is always changing that we need to start to adapt to these on going changes. In Biology you learn about the body and its ability to keep homeostasis, peeping everything balanced out, this is what is being show through out the essay and our generation. The body and the mind are trying to adapt to all the changes, but they are coming so fast that some groups are unable to adapt to such a shift in a way of life. This would involve change the ways on doing everything they have done for many centuries before the introduction of African American to their small village or even country like the United States. It almost compares to my statement I pointed out, tout ten religion topic. Your not Just addle to change In ten snap AT your Tellers, t took hundreds of years to break away from slavery. All you can do is wait it out. Look at this in this standpoint, here I am writing this paper more than 50 years later after these encounters with this village in Switzerland; what has change so far? Yes no, we have now become for the most part a non-segregated society, until you start looking more into the facts. Lets look at where we are at now SST. Louis, in the city how does the diversity look at when you go into north of downtown, are we simply human an this is all coincidence that this part of the city is predominately African American. Or when we travel east to Staunton, Illinois where there is a single African American family. Sure, there are towns between SST. Louis and Staunton but that have an even ratio of Blacks Whites but how I see a pattern going on. As the movement of more diverse society happens it seems that is a comparison of oil water. You can put the two in the same bottle and shake it up, the products appear to mix, but in the long run Just seem to separate themselves out. Baldwin views and theories are easily affecting what is going on in today, not Just in the on going struggle in diversity in the United States. But also in other countries as well, as much as we try to alienate ourselves from one another there will always be that someone to mix it up. All there is to do is to try to change are ways, and this by following the structure that Baldwin has laid out for us. That is to start learning the basics, even the littlest of changes matter and that is what it comes down. Homeostasis of cultures and learning how to adapt with our ongoing changes, around the world and within us is what has to be done. This is what is projected to me from Baldwin during his essay; learning to adapt is the first step.

A perspective on History- chapter 12 of Ruggiero's Ethical Issues Essay

A perspective on History- chapter 12 of Ruggiero's Ethical Issues Ninth edition - Essay Example The history of Ethics addresses transformations in ethical issues over periods with popular and normal beliefs, trends and presuppositions shaping the model of thought for each period. The ancient Greek ethics is the oldest ethical thinking model fronted by Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Philosophical thinking about ethical codes started with the Greek Sophists in the Western intellectual tradition. The Greek Sophists taught youths about the skills of public speaking in order to become successful in the political struggle of those days (Ruggiero, 2007). Moreover, earliest Sophists like Plato and Protagoras fronted the virtue of moral relativism. They underscored the fact that particular communities make their specific moral and ethical codes, setting them as customs and practices of the given community. The second stage in the history of ethics is the medieval ethics. Church fathers fronted the medieval ethical thinking. This was the trial to comprehend the Judeo-Christian scriptures in the view of the Greek philosophers (Ruggiero, 2007). St. Augustine was the major personality that fronted this ethical thinking era. He gave an ethical account of voluntarism and the will. Ethics in the twentieth century has been mainly analytical. It has been majorly concerning the nature and implication of ethical judgments. Modern ethical thinking has mainly focused on meta-ethics rather than normative ethics (Ruggiero, 2007). Modern ethics in the Western traditions draws its connection to the previous ethical thinking stages, that is, the ancient Greek ethics and the medieval ethical

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 36

Marketing - Essay Example In the paper we will analyze how the companies operating in retail businesses are currently managing their customers through marketing with the help of tools like BCG Matrix, Mintzberg intended strategy, 7P/8P analysis and techniques described in the case. The companies operating in retail businesses starve for obtaining customer loyalty. Conventional wisdom of loyalty describes that customers show loyalty towards companies and brands that tend to go above and beyond others. But according to Dixon & Freeman (2010), customers are more loyal to the companies that exceed their expectations in terms of products and services. Many retail companies like Tesco, Wal-Mart and M & S offer a refund or free product or even some other benefit in lieu of that in case the product has undergone expedited shipping. This helps them in retaining loyalty of their customers even in case of delay in product delivery or service. Product: The products of the companies operating in retail format vary from format to format. Whilst companies like Tesco and Wal-Mart have SBU structure and their products have similarity of being a departmental and multipurpose stores whereas the companies like GAP, Zara and French Connection are mainly apparel stores with specialized products. The product of a company is the first phase of generating loyalty from them. A product delivered in acceptable and good condition delights the customer whereas a product which defects and expedited delivery upsets him and tends to reduce his loyalty. Providing service to customer performs an integral part of gaining loyalty from them. According to Dixon & Freeman (2010), bad service by a company has its ripple effects in a way that it even repels perspective customers from a company. The research showed by them highlights that only 25% of the customers say positive about their experience of service with a company whereas almost 65% of them are likely to speak negative about the experience.

Egypt Revolution of 1919 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Egypt Revolution of 1919 - Essay Example British promised to evacuate Egypt but it did not materialize. Therefore, big chapter in Egypt’s foreign occupation and Britain’s global empire (Daly, 1988). Saad Zaghul formed the Egyptian delegation party known as â€Å"wafd†. This party started pressing nationalist cause. Tactics of civil disobedience was used by people to begin a huge movement of independence. Zaghlul and Wafd had gathered massive public support. Petition for full independence of Egypt was lodged. British could sense the rising support for Wafd leaders. British arrested Zaghlul and other main leaders of movement and exiled them to Malta. The ultimate outcome of all this was revolution in Egypt (Daly, 1988). The Egyptian revolution of 1919 compelled British government to recognize Egypt as independent state in 1922 and then ultimately implementation to new constitution took place in 1923. Causes Egypt came under British rule on December 14 1914. People were agitated against the British rule an d they got united in their discontent. During the war about 1.5 million Egyptians were recruited in the labor corps by British army. Main infrastructure of the country was seized for the army. Saad Zaghlul was founder of the Wafd party during World War 1. The party got fame just after the war setting the goal of ending British occupation. 14 points of Woodrow got fame and inspired nationalists. On November 11 1918, Zaghlul requested high commissioner Sir Reginald Wingate to permit Wafd activists for presenting Egypt’s demand for independence in London. Wafd party members were not allowed to visit London (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Party kept sending messages to House of Commons but no response shown by British government. In March 1919, Zaghlul was arrested by the British with two other part leaders and then exiled them to Malta. This resulted in countrywide protests incorporating people from all walks of life against the British Occupation. Cairo and Alexandria witnessed the ma in strikes against British held by men, women, shop owners and tradesmen. Milner mission was sent by British to access the real political and diplomatic situation in Egypt but his visit was boycotted (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Zaghlul returned to Egypt from exile on April 4 1921. Allenby was clear in his mind that Zaghlul is a British puppet and wants to create new independent Egypt as per British desires. Zaghlul was again exiled to Seychelles in December. Exile was responded by Egyptians by countrywide strikes and protests (Bisgaard-Church, 2011). Events Egyptian nationalists demanded independence from British after the World War 1 ended. Wafd was formed which demanded independence at Paris conference. 13 November 1918 was celebrated as day of struggle. Wafd party was formed by Saad Zaghlul. This party wanted to visit London for demanding independence of Egypt but it was denied. Zaghlul and other party members were arrested on 8 March 1918 and further sent to Malta. This resulted in mobilizing people countrywide marking the beginning of revolution. Basic road and railways infrastructure was destroyed (Zunes, 1999). Zaghlul’s wife initiated women participation in movement by protesting against British occupation with 300 ladies. Demonstration held at Abdin palace of about 1000 civil servants and students was peak of the revolution. British took stern action to bring down demonstration by killing 800 Egyptians. British sent Lord Milner in May 1919 for giving self-governance to

Fashion Taste and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fashion Taste and Ethics - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Taste and Ethics" discovers the taste in fashion. If the word can be taken within this context, ways in which the word culture is used seems to be fine. However, there arguably seem to be a different view concerning the term culture ought to be viewed. Perhaps this can enlist some reaction. With a view to help people appreciate the wholesome significance of a culture for the better understanding of humanity it is it certain that there is meaningless distinction between low cultures and high cultures. This thus implies that it is impossible for a certain group of people to be said to be more cultured or otherwise have more cultures than others. It goes without saying that the term culture from the anthropological point of view has a different distinctive meaning away from what it is known. This paper, therefore, investigates the word culture with a view to provide a fairly precise definition. In this paper, other terms that encompass the term culture shall be discus sed. The paper shall cover some pertinent elements of culture, as well as elaborate how essential culture is as far as human species is concerned. The paper shall sum up with explaining the modern anthropological view concerning how physical or biological differences and cultural differences between the human populations are closely related. The most widely celebrated technological developments are those pertaining to culture. These technologies are widely celebrated because they have broken physical barriers, transforming the world. into a village. The eventuality is that the current era is characterized by increased interaction of people across all cultures in the world. Therefore, it cannot be disputed that, as far as intercultural interactions are concerned, communications remains a pertinent subject. Indeed, communication barriers are not uncommon in communication, especially in communications involving low context and high context cultures. What may make the subject further cr itical is when nonverbal communication is involved. Eye-contact non-verbal communication is one of the critical areas of concern in high-context and low-context intercultural communication. Eye contact is not only an important form of verbal communication, buts also a human form for communication; animals are often disturbed by eye contact (Salas, 1992). A substantial focus has been directed to understanding intercultural eye-contact communication, in order to foster cultural competence and minimize cultural conflict. However, few studies have focused on assessing the implications of eye-contact on instruction adherence, especially in the multi-cultural learning environment. In the early phases of human revolutions, most human activities were limited to organized groups, that is, societies. As time went by, the interaction among these societies opened up, extending across regions, cultures, and languages. Undoubtedly, trends in business activities followed the same trend. Even intri guing is the fact that the world has evolved to the extent that globalizations has made human activities subject to cultural interactions. The world is now a global village, where people across diverse culture and all regions of the world interact more frequently than ever. To this extent, it cannot be overemphasized that human beings, as well as

Slumdog Millionaire Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slumdog Millionaire - Movie Review Example The plight was similar in both situations – the poor remained desperately poor – but how they actually eked out a living changed considerably. The three characters in this movie were Jamal, his brother Salim, and Latika. Jamal and Salim are orphans – their mother was killed during a raid on Muslim people, and Latika was a waif who happened upon the boys’ camp, and they took her in. During the first part of the movie, they were shown making a living by dealing with trash, trying to find things to sell. A man named Maman finds the boys and tricks them into working for him. Maman’s plan was to recruit young boys to learn how to sing, then he blinds them, as blind singers earn more money begging than non-blind singers do. They escape from Maman, and they eke out a living by pretending to be tour guides for the Taj Mahal and picking pockets. This was how the first part of the movie was portrayed – the boys lived on the streets and stayed fed and clothed by acting like one would imagine a street urchin would act. One of the boys who was blinded by Maman was later seen singing in a subway tunnel. Salim and Jamal earned a living by selling things that they found in the trash or by conning people. However, this was when Mumbai was still Bombay. Bombay turned into Mumbai, and the difference in the overall landscape was striking. This was made clear in a scene where Salim and Jamal are atop a skyscraper that was in the process of being built. Salim said to Jamal that all that they were seeing – the modernity of the great city, with gleaming skyscrapers and a thriving business district – was on the site where they once grew up in the slums. This was meant to denote that the city had changed considerably since Jamal and Salim were boys. And, with the change from Bombay into Mumbai, came a change in how the boys earned their money. Jamal, for his part, was able to make money legitimately by being a part of a call center that answered

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 13

Marketing - Essay Example sly existed between countries of various parts of the world and has thereby paved the way for economic development through the process of creation of internal and domestic demand for products and services of international brand, quality, design and stature. It is of considerable importance to state that the need of economic development has led to the process of opening up of economies around the world. The emergence of new and developing economies around the globe has played a catalytic role in the process of increasing the level of competition in the marketplace. So quite naturally, this has led to the process of increasing the demand for standardised and high quality goods and services in regions all over the world. In an attempt to maintain a level of standardization, the services sector all over the world has focused on implementing various new tools and strategies that considerably helps in the process of developing a significant benchmark of service delivery and retaining of authentic quality. With the growth, penetration and continuous evolution of technology, the global services sector has broadened its extension to delivering services to clients who are located in various parts of the world. It is of significant importance to state that in an attempt to do so, the services sector has increasingly embedded the technology platform as a medium of delivery in their entire service delivery model. It can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is part of the highly popular brand of hotel chain which is trademarked by the group Hilton Worldwide. The hotel offer hospitality sector based service offerings, which are found to be falling within the category of mid-range pricing. The hotel and its esteemed services are mostly targeted consumers all over the world, who essentially form the segment of business men and leisure travellers. Talking in a more detailed manner, it can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is a part of the independently operating chain

Fashion Taste and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fashion Taste and Ethics - Essay Example The essay "Fashion Taste and Ethics" discovers the taste in fashion. If the word can be taken within this context, ways in which the word culture is used seems to be fine. However, there arguably seem to be a different view concerning the term culture ought to be viewed. Perhaps this can enlist some reaction. With a view to help people appreciate the wholesome significance of a culture for the better understanding of humanity it is it certain that there is meaningless distinction between low cultures and high cultures. This thus implies that it is impossible for a certain group of people to be said to be more cultured or otherwise have more cultures than others. It goes without saying that the term culture from the anthropological point of view has a different distinctive meaning away from what it is known. This paper, therefore, investigates the word culture with a view to provide a fairly precise definition. In this paper, other terms that encompass the term culture shall be discus sed. The paper shall cover some pertinent elements of culture, as well as elaborate how essential culture is as far as human species is concerned. The paper shall sum up with explaining the modern anthropological view concerning how physical or biological differences and cultural differences between the human populations are closely related. The most widely celebrated technological developments are those pertaining to culture. These technologies are widely celebrated because they have broken physical barriers, transforming the world. into a village. The eventuality is that the current era is characterized by increased interaction of people across all cultures in the world. Therefore, it cannot be disputed that, as far as intercultural interactions are concerned, communications remains a pertinent subject. Indeed, communication barriers are not uncommon in communication, especially in communications involving low context and high context cultures. What may make the subject further cr itical is when nonverbal communication is involved. Eye-contact non-verbal communication is one of the critical areas of concern in high-context and low-context intercultural communication. Eye contact is not only an important form of verbal communication, buts also a human form for communication; animals are often disturbed by eye contact (Salas, 1992). A substantial focus has been directed to understanding intercultural eye-contact communication, in order to foster cultural competence and minimize cultural conflict. However, few studies have focused on assessing the implications of eye-contact on instruction adherence, especially in the multi-cultural learning environment. In the early phases of human revolutions, most human activities were limited to organized groups, that is, societies. As time went by, the interaction among these societies opened up, extending across regions, cultures, and languages. Undoubtedly, trends in business activities followed the same trend. Even intri guing is the fact that the world has evolved to the extent that globalizations has made human activities subject to cultural interactions. The world is now a global village, where people across diverse culture and all regions of the world interact more frequently than ever. To this extent, it cannot be overemphasized that human beings, as well as

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 13

Marketing - Essay Example sly existed between countries of various parts of the world and has thereby paved the way for economic development through the process of creation of internal and domestic demand for products and services of international brand, quality, design and stature. It is of considerable importance to state that the need of economic development has led to the process of opening up of economies around the world. The emergence of new and developing economies around the globe has played a catalytic role in the process of increasing the level of competition in the marketplace. So quite naturally, this has led to the process of increasing the demand for standardised and high quality goods and services in regions all over the world. In an attempt to maintain a level of standardization, the services sector all over the world has focused on implementing various new tools and strategies that considerably helps in the process of developing a significant benchmark of service delivery and retaining of authentic quality. With the growth, penetration and continuous evolution of technology, the global services sector has broadened its extension to delivering services to clients who are located in various parts of the world. It is of significant importance to state that in an attempt to do so, the services sector has increasingly embedded the technology platform as a medium of delivery in their entire service delivery model. It can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is part of the highly popular brand of hotel chain which is trademarked by the group Hilton Worldwide. The hotel offer hospitality sector based service offerings, which are found to be falling within the category of mid-range pricing. The hotel and its esteemed services are mostly targeted consumers all over the world, who essentially form the segment of business men and leisure travellers. Talking in a more detailed manner, it can be said that the Hilton Garden Inn Hotel is a part of the independently operating chain

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Essay Example for Free

Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Essay Medical Records and Privacy of the Famous Privacy seems to be something that many people desire, but is becoming less and less available. With all the new technology, it is easier than ever to invade someone’s privacy. With cameras everywhere, from ATM’s to people’s cell phones, it is difficult for anyone to do anything that can be kept to one ’s self. While privacy is a right that the average person doesn’t normally struggle with, it is a problem that celebrities encounter everyday. Paparazzi are constantly following these famous people around as they do their everyday things like shopping, playing with their children, partying, or simply hanging in their homes. It is basically the price to pay to be famous. While these celebrities’ lives are invaded to a large degree, shouldn’t they still enjoy the right to keep some aspects of their lives private? Celebrities should have the right to keep things like medical records private, because not only is it a violation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), it is unethical to release medical information about someone to the public, even celebrities. In recent years, there have been a number of break-ins of celebrity medical records that have been leaked to the tabloids. In 2006 one of the country’s leading medical institutions discovered that the security of their medical records had been breached when The National Enquirer printed a story about Farrah Faucet’s cancer relapse, before the actress even told any of her family members† (Steinhaurer, 2008). Ms. Faucet is not the only celebrity who has had this happen. In 2007, George Clooney was informed that his medical records were accessed by people who didn’t have the right to look at them, following a motorcycle crash that left the actor with broken ribs and scrapes. Britney Spears was also a victim when the media reported that she was involuntarily hospitalized in 2008 and put in the psych ward under the thought she could be a danger to others or herself. Gossip outlets and other news media reported on her interactions with staff and visitors throughout her hospitalization (Techweb, 2008). These are incidents that have occurred for many years, as tabloids are always interested in the medical issues celebrities deal with, and keeping it under wraps is more difficult with technology making it easier for anyone to gain instant access to health secrets. â€Å"With the advent of networked computers, the problem has increased exponentially, and celebrities are constantly surrounded by people who are willing to trade in medical information for profit or their own 15 minutes† (Blankstein, 2008). While the people who accessed the records of these celebrities and leaked the stories are definitely at fault, I think that much of the blame also lies with the reporters and journalists who actually print and air the stories. The press is violating privacy by releasing these stories in two ways, legally and ethically. â€Å"Medical privacy rules apply to everybody, including celebrities,† Alicia Mitchell, spokesperson for the American Hospital Association said. â€Å"Everybody is entitled to confidentiality of what is often very personal information† (Rhea, 2007). By printing the very private medical information, there was a violation of HIPPA. HIPPA is an act that went into effect in 1996 and it set a national standard for securing and protecting patient health information. Hospitals have strict policies against leaking information, with the exceptions of insurance and law enforcement investigations. Because of this law, many health care providers won’t even admit to treating some patients (Techweb, 2008). While the people who leaked the stories to the press have been reprimanded by either suspension or termination, there wasn’t any type of consequences for the press for reporting this illegal material. That brings me to the ethical violation. â€Å"Depriving people of their privacy is a cruel and immoral act, which could destroy their lives. The sole objective of tabloids is to make money, so they’ll go to any extreme to satisfy their readers and increase circulation figures† (Heng, 2006). It is obvious that celebrity news is an outlet that sells, as seen by the numerous tabloids and entertainment shows. The public has an interest in what is going on in the lives of these rich and glamorous people. This brings on a form of mediated voyeurism, which can be defined as, â€Å"the consumption of revealing images and information about others’ real and unguarded lives, not always for the purpose of entertainment but frequently at the expense of privacy and discourse, through the means of the mass media† (Calvert, 2000). Basically saying that the public has a need to see these famous people and learn about their lives, even at the risk of invading their privacy. The tabloids simply exploit the public’s desire to learn these things, regardless of the ethical issues of invading a human being’s privacy. They know people will buy it and that they will make money. I think that to be an ethical journalist it is important to empathize with the person whose life is about to be splashed on the papers. Of course there is the matter of getting the story and pleasing the readers and the editor, but it should take into account the public’s real right to know. A story about the health of someone like the President of the United States might be something worth printing, because knowing how he is medically is of public interest because this is a man that is running the country. However, that is a different scenario with someone like Britney Spears. She is simply an entertainer and it isn’t important for the public to know her health because it will not affect the daily lives of people. It is simply news that the public likes to learn about. If I were a journalist, I would like to think to myself how I would feel if someone had released my medical records for the public to read. I would feel very violated. As Lance Morrow states, â€Å"Good journalistic standards are not difficult to state, just tough sometimes when applied case by case. Journalists function best when they are mature, experienced, and intelligent; when they keep their work as clear and simple as possible; when they fall back upon decency and common sense if questions arise about whether to run a piece† (Morrow, 2002). If these people were true journalists, they would think ethically about whether or not to release this type of information, and whether or not it is simply the decent thing to do. I would think that it would be an easy answer because, just because someone is famous, doesn’t mean that all of their privacy rights should be violated.

Challenges to Chinas State Capacity

Challenges to Chinas State Capacity Conor Shand Identify and describe two major and distinct challenges to state capacity faced by a country over the last decade. How has the state responded and with what success? State-building and development is a long standing component of international politics, dating back several centuries. Ever since the concept of the â€Å"modern nation state† came to fruition, governments have sought to attain and maintain stability within their boundaries, aiming to maximise the capacity of the state. However, each state with alternate institutions, environments and economies will face a variety of challenges to their respective state capacity. China, despite being one of the most significant economic and military powers in the state-system, still faces challenges in optimising its state capacity. As it is formally regarded as a second-world developing country, China still faces numerous challenges to its state capacity despite its relatively high status. Among these challenges, two in particular emerge as the foremost barriers to the maximisation of China’s state capacity; environmental issues unemployment. As China is amongst the most notable pollu tants in the contemporary state-system, with a heavily industrialised nation, its government has worked to counter detrimental environmental effects with varied success over the last decade. Likewise, in the case of unemployment, while China is one of the most powerful economies in the world, it still bears significant unemployment issues due to a number of factors, which the government has tried to address – again, with some results. Ultimately, these two issues have notably compromised China’s state capacity, and the Chinese government has responded with some degree of success to these two particular challenges. In order to identify how it is that these two issues hamper state capacity, it is important to first identify what exactly state capacity is. Neil A. Englehart uses the relatively broad definition of state capacity in stating that state capacity â€Å"refers to the willingness and capability of the state apparatus to carry out government policy.† (Englehart, 2009, p. 166) This definition is particularly effective, as there are many existing definitions of state capacity which contradict each other, due to state capacity being a concept of perception and interpretation. This is because â€Å"state capacity† as a concept aggregates a number of ideas, including military and economic strength, centralization, bureaucratic and administrative ability. (Hanson Sigman, 2013, pp. 1-3) Different governments within different states would prioritise alternate areas in order to ensure a maximised state capacity depending on what that particular government regards as important. For example, in New Zealand, there is a relatively minimal prioritization of military power, with 1% of gross domestic product spent on military costs annually. China on the other hand spends 2.1% of its GDP on military costs, hence it could be argued that China has a greater state capacity than New Zealand. (World Bank, 2014) However, as each state has a requirement for alternative prioritizations respective to their unique circumstances, it is impossible to measure a state’s capacity beyond the government’s ability to exert its policies on the state’s populace. (Kocher, 2010, p. 143) One of the most significant barriers which China has faced in maximising its state capacity over the last decade lies in environmental deterioration. Over an extended period of economic reform, which began in the late 1970’s, China has become massively industrialised, with a consistently used maxim of â€Å"first development, then environment† actively used in the 1980-90’s. (Economy, 2011, pp. 18-19) This method of reform led to China becoming one of the most industrially profitable contemporary states, with a current estimate of 45.3% of its GDP being derived from the industrial sector. (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013) While the GDP boom born out of this industrialisation can in some ways be seen as positive, it has also caused significant detriment to the environment and quantity of resources consumed in China. Air and water pollution as well as energy efficiency and deforestation have caused numerous environmental complications, with one study finding the existence of a â€Å"long-run cointegration relationship between per capita emissions of three pollutants (waste gas, waste water, and solid wastes) and per capita GDP.† (Zhang, 2009, p. 2707) The inverse relationship between China’s economic growth and environmental wellbeing created a complex challenge to China’s state capacity in that it made it difficult for the Chinese government to execute policy favouring one option without causing adverse effect to the other. In the last decade the Chinese government has sought to significantly reform the area of environmental law, with the aim of balancing out the quantity of attention given to environmental issues. A notable example of the government’s attempts to resolve the pollution/growth standoff can be seen in the 2002 Cleaner Production Promotion Law, which was introducedin the interest of advocating â€Å"cleaner production, increasing the utilization ratio of resources, reducing and preventing pollutant-generating, protecting and improving the environment, protecting human health, and promoting the sustainable development of the economy and society.† (gov.cn, 2002, p. Article 1) This law amongst others emerged in the 21st century as the Chinese government sought to bring its industrial sector into line with its environmental goals, so as to give the Chinese government a greater ability to exert its state capacity over environmental issues. This significant industrial reforms has b een accompanied by other significant ones in the last decade. The Chinese government sought to resolve the issue of air pollution created by its heavily coal-fuelled industrial sector, with a series of policies set to restrain air pollution in the future. (Zhao, Lei, Lei, Cao , 2008, pp. 8442-8444) In addition to this, the government has also addressed excessive levels of energy consumption, enabling policies which would reduce carbon dioxide emissions whilst maintaining economic development by increasing energy efficiency. (Polenske Lin, 1993, pp. 249-251) While there were some significant attempts at reform, such as the aforementioned policy changes, it is still evident that China has not been able to exert the necessary quantity of state capacity so as to reduce environmental degradation. In the words of Han Shi and Lei Zhangâ€Å"the relatively comprehensive environmental regulatory framework established since the late 1970s had failed to prevent the overall deterioration of environmental quality†. (Shi Zhang, 2006, p. 277) One reason for this failure lies in the fact that while the central government formally introduced the policies, local governments regulated these policies, meaning that many reforms were loosely enforced so as to avoid significant economic detriment. (Blanchard Stanway, 2014) This in turn reflects the lack of state capacity at the disposal of the central government, due to its inability to wholly implement its policies. In addition to this, some point at the lack of punitive measures employed to reduce pollution as a sign that the government is unwilling or unable to exert its desired policies, however ultimately it can be concluded that the Chinese government seems to lack the capacity on the whole to significantly curb environmental degradation. A second unique issue which China has faced in the last decade is that of unemployment, which has increased – most significantly as a result of China’s period of economic reform – from 6.1% to 11% over a 6 year period. (Giles Park, 2005, pp. 149-150 ) Previously a system of social welfare existed wherein the majority of China’s population were guaranteed incomes of some form. However this system was abandoned in the 1990’s, which led to significant increases in income inequality and unemployment in China. (Leung, 1994, p. 341) The economic reform meant that the state would become free of many previously financially draining public sector institutions, however at the same time it in turn proved a challenge as to whether China had the state capacity to either support those who were newly unemployed, or whether it could create replacement jobs for them. In the last decade the Chinese government sought to lessen the impact of this economic reform, and introducing a series of aids and safeguards in order to ensure that those who found themselves unemployed would have a â€Å"soft landing†, as the government once again faced the dilemma of prioritizing unemployment a previously secondary issue – over economic growth, the primary goal. (Angang Xin, 2006, p. 45) These aids and safeguards included concepts such as unemployment insurance, the implementation of labour contract law and other forms of welfare to ensure that people would have some form of financial support. However the drafting and successful introduction of these policies was significantly hampered by a relatively weak level of state capacity. Jane Duckett and Athar Hussein outline three primary reasons as to why the Chinese state lacked the capacity to adequately address this unemployment. The initial reason that was raised lay in the fact that the state lack ed the ability to adequately survey the nation as the degree and nature of the unemployment. Secondly, the state lacked the ability and infrastructure to enforce the participation of the people in any unemployment scheme. Thirdly, the state lacked the infrastructure to ensure that non-central government bodies holistically employed the scheme. (Duckett Athar, 2008, pp. 211-213) While there have been some moves towards reducing this unemployment, the constraints on the central government’s ability to implement its policies serve as evidence that China has a distinct inability to exert its state capacity with near-maximum effectiveness. The first, and most notable challenge which the capacity the Chinese state faced was that of environmental degradation, which additionally served to test as to whether the central government could successfully balance economic growth with environmental maintenance. While the government did implement many policies, they were only effective to a certain degree, as the lack of a wholly efficient centralized state power meant that many of the policies were not executed to the extent which had been intended by the central government. This issue again rose when the lesser-recognised issue of unemployment in China was countered by the government, as while the central government did introduce some economic reforms in order to support those who became unemployed, infrastructural issues in local governments weakened the effectiveness the Chinese government’s response, hence preventing the Chinese government from wholly exerting its full state capacity. Bibliography Angang, H., Xin, S. (2006). Urban Unemployment in China A Background Analysis. In G. Lee, M. Garner, Unemployment in China: Economy, Human Resources and Labour Markets (pp. 36-62). Routledge. Blanchard, B., Stanway, D. (2014, March 4). China to declare war on pollution, premier says. Retrieved from reuters.com: http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/05/us-china-parliament-pollution-idUSBREA2405W20140305 Central Intelligence Agency. (2013, August 22). The CIA World Factbook 2013. Retrieved from Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2013/index.html Duckett, J., Athar, H. (2008). Tackling unemployment in China: state capacity and governance issues. The Pacific Review Volume 21, Issue 2, 211-229. Economy, E. C. (2011). The river runs black: the environmental challenge to Chinas future. Cornell University Press. Englehart, N. A. (2009). State Capacity, State Failure, and Human Rights . Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 46, No. 2 (March), 163-180. Giles, J., Park, A. (2005). What is Chinas true unemployment rate? China Economic Review Volume 16, Issue 2, 149–170. gov.cn. (2002, June 29). Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Promotion of Cleaner Production (Order of the President No.72). Retrieved from gov.cn: http://english.gov.cn/laws/2005-10/08/content_75059.htm Hanson, J., Sigman, R. (2013, May 1). Leviathans Latent Dimensions: Measuring State Capacity for Comparative Political Research. APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper. Kocher, M. A. (2010). State Capacity as a Conceptual Variable. Yale Journal of International Affairs 5 Yale J. Intl Aff Issue 2 Summer, 137-146. Leung, J. C. (1994). Dismantling the ‘Iron Rice Bowl’: Welfare Reforms in the Peoples Republic of China. Journal of Social Policy / Volume 23 / Issue 03 /, 341-361. Polenske, K., Lin, X. (1993). Conserving energy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in China. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics Volume 4, Issue 2, December, 249–265. Shi, H., Zhang, L. (2006). Chinas environmental governance of rapid industrialisation. Environmental Politics Vol. 15, No. 2,, 271-292. World Bank. (2014, July 22). Data Military expenditure (% of GDP). Retrieved from worldbank.org: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS Zhang, X.-P. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics Volume 68, Issue 10, 2706–2712. Zhao, Y., Lei, Lei, Y., Cao , P. (2008). Primary air pollutant emissions of coal-fired power plants in China: Current status and future prediction. Atmospheric Environment Volume 42, Issue 36 November, 8442–8452.

Technology in Education; Where it has been, Where it is now, and Where

â€Å"Technology in Education; Where it has been, Where it is now, and Where it is Going† â€Å"Before you become too entranced with gorgeous gadgets and mesmerizing video displays, let me remind you that information is not knowledge, knowledge is not wisdom, and wisdom is not foresight. Each grows out of the other. And we need them all† (Re-inventing 1995). These words spoken by the distinguished author, Arthur C. Clarke, bring to light where exactly the technological situation in education is and the direction it is going. The discussion and debate of introducing and improving classrooms with technology has been a relatively heated topic as of late. Many have even claimed that if schools are to survive it is imperative for us to stand back and carefully rethink our notions of intelligence, learning, instruction, and evaluate the situation in light of the new age of communication. In discussing the use of technology in education a distinction needs to be made between itself and ‘tech ed’. The common definition of technology education is that it is an action based program for all students to use resources to design, produce, use, and assess the impacts of products and services that extend human potential to improve and control the natural and human made development (Patterson 1999). While these skills and practices are integrated into using technology in education it does not fully explain or utilize what is needed to provide affective technology in the classroom. A mission of this program is to help students apply technology to effectively make decisions and contribute to a rapidly changing technological society. But more than that, the purpose is to give students the best possible education for their generation with the suppli... ...y. http://education.indiana.edu/keyfrick.html Jackson, Lorrie, (n.d). Teaching and learning about technology. (2005. May 9), Education World. http://educationworld.com/a_tech/tech/tech219.shtml Kaplan, Erez, (n.d.). Calculating Machines. (2005. May 7), http://www.webcom.com/calc/calculatingmachines Patterson, Jason, (n.d.). The history of computers during my lifetime. (2005. May 9), http://pattosoft.comau/jason/Articles/HistoryofComputers/index.html Re-inventing schools, the technology age is now. (2005. May 9), National Academy of Sciences. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/techgap/index.html Schrum, Lynne, (n.d). Technology in the classroom: asking the right questions. (2005. May 8), http://www.enc.org/topics/edtech/context/document.shtm?input=FOC-000694-index Whelan, Debra Lau. (2005) Let the games begin: School Library Journal, 51, 40-44.

The Act of Sacrifice from Achilles and Gilgamesh Essay -- The Iliad Gr

The Act of Sacrifice from Achilles and Gilgamesh The act of sacrifice is a very important event in literature. Often, it can define and shape a character’s life and personality. The ancient texts discussed in class contain many diverse, yet equally meaningful examples of sacrifice. Even though these acts of sacrifice can occur for different reasons, each one has a similar purpose. The characters that perform such sacrifices are required to give up something they love, cherish or own in order to serve a greater purpose. Achilles from The Iliad must sacrifice his physical possessions to appease his gods. Gilgamesh is unwillingly forced to sacrifice his beloved brother. Cain from The Bible also forfeits material possessions, but he also gives up his own integrity, as well as eternal life in his Heaven. These sacrifices appear to differ in the severity of what is given up, but they are actually alike in the way each is used to accomplish certain goals. Achilles is an excellent example of one who performs sacrifice. In The Iliad, Achilles is a supreme and god-like warrior, but his many character flaws hold him from achieving his full potential. His rampant pride and unharnessed rage overtakes his other good qualities and causes him many hardships. Achilles hopes to reduce these flaws by sacrificing numerous possessions to the gods. He believes, as did most other Greeks of the time, that thee gifts would urge the gods to look favorably upon the givers. Objects, such as cows, pigs, and wine, were cooked in an extremely orderly manner. Any deviations from the proper method of offering the gifts would be seen as a sign of disrespect. Sacrifices are made to obtain or achieve something in the future. In the case of Achilles, his sacrifice was made in hope that the gods would control and possibly eliminate his rage and pride. Achilles’ gifts of animals and drink to the gods were viewed by the Ancient Greek public as normal, hon orable, and religious. Most citizens made some kind of offering to the gods, but the gifts were definitely not as lavish and extravagant as the offerings made by Achilles. Regardless of the sacrifice, the importance was found in how much the gift meant to the giver, and how often the gifts came to the gods. Like Achilles, Gilgamesh also made an extreme sacrifice in order to better himself and those around him. In Gilgamesh, the tit... ...necessary arrogance that stirred unrest in his people. After his sacrifice, he had known the joys of brotherhood, become wiser and humbler, and gained the respect of his people. The complete opposite of Gilgamesh’s case is Cain’s. He begins as a humble, faithful servant of God, and he is given a good job. But he makes inadequate sacrifices and compounds the problem by murdering his brother. At the end, he does not have his job, he has lost his loyal brother by his own hand, and most walk aimlessly across the earth for eternity. As can be seen, sacrifices take on many different shapes and forms. These sacrifices can be alike and different in many aspects, but they all are important in literature. Sacrifice molds the integrity and reputation of those making them, not only to the society in which they live, but also with the higher power that they worship. The sacrifices of Achilles, Gilgamesh, and Cain were all important in their respective cultures and were very influential in how these three will be looked upon throughout history. It is obvious that any sacrifice to be made must be carefully picked over and analyzed before it is enacted. Otherwise, one may wonder forever.

Dissertation Research Proposal

Dissertation research proposal Table of contents Introduction 1- Problem definition/statement 2-Research goals 3-Research objectives 4-Research hypothesis 5-Dissertation organization Chapter one: Literature review Chapter two: Research methodology -Introduction 1. Recipients of the research 2. Justification of the research 3. Research Methodology 3. 1. Research problem area 3. 2. Research question 3. 3. Research objectives 3. 4. Research hypothesis 3. 5. Research design 3. 5. 1. Research philosophy 3. 5. 2. Research approach 5. 3. 3. Research strategy 3. 5. 3. 1. Survey Strategy 3. 5. 4.Research method choice 3. 5. 5. Time horizon 3. 6. Population and Sample 4. Data collection, editing, and findings 4. 1. Date collection 4. 2. Data editing 4. 3. Data coding 4. 4. Limitation -Bibliography Appendices -interview outline -Time management -outline content of literature review -Email for interview -Email for questionnaire -Introduction This section outlines the background of the dissertati on. In the first chapter the researcher explains the choice of the topic and the issues. In the second, the researcher will describe the methodology used during the research process 1-Recipients of the researchThe primary recipients of this thesis are The Dublin Business School in Dublin Through Mr. Gary Bernie, my dissertation supervisor For fulfilment of the MA Marketing 2. Justification of the research 2. 1. Interest for the subject According to Saunders et al (2012:29) one of attributes of a good research topic is that the researcher should be extremely interested and fascinated about the topic 2. 2Academic background The researcher has graduated 2 years ago with a Licence in Humanitarian Science; and a significant side of the science was about the ethics and its positive role on people and communities . 3. Personal background The researcher has a strong interest in marketing ethics as he plans a career in this environment. So he has the motivation to proceed with this paper to conclusion. About the resources, the researcher has access to an Irish environment: people, communication, companies†¦. The researcher is working part-time, so he has a flexible time to carry on his research The first chapter Literature review It is my belief that good marketing is ethical marketing. Good marketing is about satisfying and developing a long-term relationship with our customers.Caring about your customers not only results in profits, it is the ethical thing to do. Deceiving customers may help a firm’s profits in the short-run, but is not the way to build a successful business. Marylyn Carrigan,  Lecturer, University of Birmingham, Department of Commerce, Birmingham, UK 1- Marketing ethics concepts and theories Business ethics’ definition Business ethics can be defined as â€Å"a set of principles that guides business practices to reflect a concern for society as a whole while pursuing profits, Nisberg, 1988 (cited from: Maureen Kilcullen, Judith Ohles Kooistra, (1999)The shame side of marketing Of all the management fields, marketing is probably that which seems the most Contradictable when it comes to ethical aspect. As Smith and Quelch (1993, p. 188) suggest that some of the most fundamental concepts in marketing, when looked at Afresh, raise important ethical issues (cited from Klein Thomas, 2011) According to Marylyn Carrigan, et al (2005) In later years marketing thought has focused upon the subject of marketing ethics, and in the 1980s there was a flurry of activity by marketing scholars who attempted to evaluate conceptually the nature and role of marketing ethics.Moreover, Carrigan (2005) gave many examples of scholars discussed the issue, such as, Ferrell and Gresham (1985) developed their contingency framework to evaluate ethical decision-making in a marketing organisation, Hunt and Chonko (1984) conducted their survey on ethical dilemmas for marketing managers, and the ethical problems faced by marketing research ers. Marketing ethics philosophy Ethical marketing is about whether firms marketing decision is morally right or wrong.The morality of the marketing decision can include any part of marketing from advertising to the pricing of product or service, to the sourcing of raw materials. Like many authors, Beauchamp (1980) divided the major philosophical trends in ethics into two categories; the utilitarian approach and the deontological approach. In the utilitarian approach, the notion of ethics is related to the consequences of an action. According to this approach, the manager will attempt to produce the greatest possible amount of positive value or the smallest possible amount of negative value for the consumers affected.In the other side, the deontological approach, based on the work of the philosopher Emmanuel Kant, this approach does not consider so much the consequences of an act, but pays a lot of intention to the manner in which the act is performed (cited from Jacques Nantel et a l, 1996). Definition is the problem According to Peter Drucker (1973) marketing is a discipline which provokes much debate. Very often, this controversy is linked to a lack of understanding of what the actual definition of marketing is.One definition of marketing, very often used is: â€Å"Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange process; Kotler and Turner, 1981(cited from Jacques Nantel et al 1996) Jacques Nantel et al (1996) suggests that The most striking feature of this definition is its almost entirely utilitarian aspect, If we apply foundations of the utilitarian approach in ethics, one knows that an action is only ethical if it maximizes the positive consequences for the greatest number of people while at the same time minimizing negative consequences to the smallest number.An interesting case is that of sugar On the one hand, it is true that sugar is a product which responds to a gustatory need, but what about its medical and denta l effect. Jacques Nantel et al (1996) states that In order to extend both the range and the degree of marketing ethics, several authors (Fraedrich  et al. , 1991; Laczniak and Murphy, 1985; Martin, 1985) have suggested that we take into account not only the utilitarian criterion which is satisfaction but also the means used to obtain this satisfaction.Suggesting a solution towards this issue Jacques Nantel states that marketing, by its very definition, is principally grounded on a utilitarian approach to ethics but that managers could also develop a deontological approach to marketing. The reason for this development that the consumer is no longer merely concerned with the satisfaction obtained from a product or service, but also with the way in which this product or service is obtained.Consider, for example, the boycotting of certain products (Canadian paper products by German consumer. According to Jacques Nantel points out there is much reason to believe that the marketing func tion will turn towards a deontological approach for the simple reason that, Today there is a more concerted attack from well-organised activists in the form of protest groups such as Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth or the UK Consumers Association.The Internet has opened up a route for international groups of consumers and interested bodies to co-ordinate their activity globally, and this can be seen in Web sites such as www. saigon. com/nike, the homepage of the Boycott Nike campaign, or www. mcspotlight. org the homepage of the McDonalds boycott. In response, large organisations that had previously believed themselves immune from such activity find themselves now having to defend themselves against their global critics on their own company Web sites. Marylyn Carrigan, Ahmad Attalla, 2001) The researcher does not see a major difference between the suggestions was produced by Fraedrich, Laczniak and Murphy (the code of ethics) and Jacques’s notion, both of them are concerned regarding the means, the means should be as ethical as the aim, but the question which will be appearing and rising, who will determine these means, is it the marketing or the consumer or the law, who will judge these means by saying there are ethical or not. 2-The negative effect on marketing for ignoring the safety, health, and the environmental standards in children soft drinks Your brand is your lifebloodIf we foul up with consumers, we do our industry considerable damage. If you put out unsafe products you will be found out, somebody will get hurt, and you will get a massively bad reputation. If you openly exploit children and you mislead children, you will be found out. We go over and above to make sure that our products are built, manufactured in the right way, because if we don't, we lose forty or fifty years of all the hard work that we've built up in actually establishing these brands, because they are our lifeblood.We don't do anything that would leave us open to suspicio n, because it is not worth it; we don't need to operate that way. We've built our reputation on doing things the right way, so we don't do anything by the back door Stephen Hogan (2007) -Marketing ethics or pay the price There is evidence that companies do suffer commercially from boycotts, Shell were estimated to have lost between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of their sales during the Brent Spar boycott (Klein, 2000), and the Nestle boycott is said to have cost the firm $40 million (Nelson-Horchler, 1984).Gelb (1995) argues the power of consumer boycotts is increasing. . It has also been found that 44 per cent of the British public have boycotted a product for ethical reasons in the last 12 months (Mason, 2000). Marylyn Carrigan, Ahmad Attalla, (2001) Marketers are encouraged to behave in an ethical manner because information about a firm’s ethical behaviours is thought to influence product sales and consumers’ image of the company (Mascarenhas, 1995). A recent MORI po ll commissioned by the Co-operative Bank in the UK suggests that one-third of consumers are â€Å"seriously concerned† with ethical issues (Mason, 2000).Within the past year, over half had bought a product or recommended a company on the basis of its ethical reputation. Smith (1995)  argues that we are now living in the â€Å"ethics era†, whereby society's expectations of marketers have changed and we face challenges to basic marketing assumptions. Consumers are better informed, more educated and awareness is greater of consumer rights and product requirements at least in western society. Legislation has also played a part in raising consumer expectations of marketing behaviour used at the prospect of such uncharted territory -Marketing ethics or you loss long-term prospectsTwo Studies of scientific literature showed that ethics in the Marketing system is very important and in order to ensure good long-term prospects of the organization, it is necessary to maintain a high level of organizational moral. Ethical decisions stimulate public confidence and allow creating a favourable image of the organization, to maintain good relationship with market partners; they also increase competitiveness and the effectiveness of the marketing program (Vysniauskiene, V. Kundrotas (1999) -Four reasons to join marketing ethics Stanton, M.J. Etzel, B. J. Walker pointed out four main reasons Why marketing specialists must behave ethically: First reason; is that ethical marketing may help to increase a declining trust of society. Marketing prestige in the eyes of many people is down. Doubtful activities that are periodically made public also add to problematic issues of consumers. Despite its manifestation only in a small marketing share, reputation of all marketing specialists does suffer. So, it is very important to business leaders to demonstrate ethical responsibility assuredly.Second reason, why marketing specialists must behave ethically is that such behavio ur may allow bypassing an increasing regulation of the Government. Apathy, resistance or evidence of unethical behaviour in business Directly increases a possibility of the Governmental regulation. Third reason; ethical marketing helps to regain public confidence Fourth reason, ethical behaviour allows organizations to preserve their image. The second chapter The research Methodology -Introduction 1-Recipients of the research The primary recipients of this thesis are The Dublin Business School in Dublin Through Mr.Gary Bernie, my dissertation supervisor For fulfilment of the MA Marketing 2. Justification of the research 2. 1. Interest for the subject According to Saunders et al (2012:29) one of attributes of a good research topic is that the researcher should be extremely interested and fascinated about the topic 2. 2Academic background The researcher has graduated 2 years ago with a Licence in Humanitarian Science and a significant side of the science was about the ethics and its p ositive role on people and communities 2. 3. Personal background The researcher has a strong interest in marketing ethics as he plans a career in this environment.So he has the motivation to proceed with this paper to conclusion. About the resources, the researcher has access to an Irish environment: people, communication, companies†¦. The researcher is working part-time, so he has a flexible time to carry on his research 3. Research Methodology 3. 1 Research problem area Kumar (2011:48) argues that drawing up research problem is the most critical part of the research process, and the reason for this is because the quality and relevance of research rely on it The topic of the thesis has been chosen according to Saunders’s guidelines.According Saunders, et al (2012:28) attributes of a good research topic should: -Fulfil your examiner’s requirements -Something you are able to deal with and enhance your creativity – develop your research skills The researcher should: – Have enough time, money, and resources for proceeding -Be able to link his topic to academic theories -Have access to information he needs The research problem area of this dissertation is about two main subjects: – Marketing ethics n children soft drink – The negative effect on marketing for ignoring Health, safety, and environmental standards The major goal is to study and analysis the negative side on marketing for ignoring safety, health, and environmental standards in children soft drink and how marketing should response to this ethical issue. 3. 2. Research question Saunders et al (2012:40) argues the researcher should developed clear conclusion from the data he gathered so that he can introduce research question. The question must be involved enough so that can generate the required standards of the project The research question for this dissertation is:To what degree ignoring health, safety, and environmental standards in children soft drinks a ffecting the Marketing, and how Marketing should response to this ethical issue? 3. 3. Research objectives Kumar (2011) declares that the main objective is a general statement of the study and statement of the main associations and relations that you search to find and track down. The sub objective is the certain parts of the topic that you want explore within the main framework of your study. According to Saunders (2012) writing useful research objectives requires: -Transparency: the meaning of the objectives is clear Specificity (the aim of the objectives is clear and understood – Relevancy: the objectives linked to the research questions) – Interconnectivity: objectives explain the research process from the beginning to the conclusion – Answerability: the result of the research is achievable – Measurability: the aim of the research objective will be clear when it is achieved The general objectives are: -To measure the level of negative effectiveness of ignoring marketing ethics in children soft drink -To define marketing ethics -To understand marketing ethics To explore how consumer react towards the ethical marketing issues -To determine if the marketing has responsibility in this ethical issue or not -To explain how marketing professionals should respond to tackle this ethical problem -To determine the advantages of applying ethics in marketing ethics The personal objectives are: * To learn how to set up a Master Level Dissertation * To learn more about marketing ethics and health and health and safety in children soft drink * To learn how to set up an interview * To improve the researcher knowledge regarding Qualitative and quantitative research * To validate the dissertation . 4. Research hypothesis According to Grinnell (1988:200) â€Å"A hypothesis is written in such a written in certain way that can be proven or disproven by valid and reliable data- it is in order to obtain these data that we perform our study† (cit ed from Kumar 2011:83) Kumar (2011) also defined couple of considerations to keep in mind when constructing a hypothesis: * A hypothesis should be simple, specific, and clear * A hypothesis should be capable of verification * A hypothesis should be related to the existing body of knowledge * A hypothesis should be operationalisable; it can be expressed in terms that can be measuredFigure one: the process of testing Hypothesis Source: Kumar (2011) Research Methodology Phase 1| | Phase 2| | Phase 3| FormulateYour hunch or assumption| | Collect the requireData| | AnalysisData toDraw conclusion about that hunch- true or false| | | | | | The hypotheses set up for this dissertation are: H1: Ethical marketing is about whether firms marketing decision is morally right or wrong H2: Marketing ethics is significantly rising within marketing organization H3: Marketing ethics is facing serious problemsH4: Ignoring marketing ethics will have negative effect and damage on marketing H5: Taking care of marketing ethics would lead to positive impact on the marketing H6: The numbers of consumers who have some concern about the negative consequences of marketing are increasing 3. 5. Research design Saunders et al, (2012:159) describes the research design as the general plan of how the researcher will go about answering your research questions. Saunders et al, (2012) pointed out three types of research design: * Exploratory studies Descriptive studies * Explanatory studies For my dissertation, it will be used two types of research design: exploratory and Descriptive Exploratory studies: is valuable mean to ask open questions to discover what is happening, also it is useful if you wish to clarify your understanding of problem. One of its advantages that it is fixable and adaptable to change Descriptive studies: the object of this study is to gain an accurate profile of events, persons or situations (Saunders2012) 3. 5. 1 Research philosophyAccording to Saunders (2012) there are thr ee major ways of thinking about research philosophy: * Epistemology: positivism-realism-interpretivism * Ontology: Objectivism-subjectivism * Axiology The research philosophies have been chosen for this research positivism. According to Gill and Johnson (2010) if your research philosophy reflects positivism then you prefer collecting data about an observation reality and search for regularities and casual relationships in your data to create generalizations like those produced by scientists (cited from Saunders, 2012) 3. 5. Research approach According to Saunders (2012) there are three types of research approach: The deductive approach: It is a dominant research approach in the natural science, a theory and hypothesis are developed and a research strategy Designed to test the hypothesis Blaikie (2010) lists six steps of the approach’s process 1- Put forward a hypothesis or set of hypotheses to form a theory 2- By using existing literature, deduce a testable proposition 3- Exa mine the logic of the argument, compare the argument with existing theories to notice any advanced understanding.If it does, then continue 4- Test the logic by collecting appropriate data to measure the concepts and analysing it 5- If the result of the analysis is not consistent with the premises, and then the theory is false 6- If the result of the analysis is consistent with the premises then the theory is corroborated (cited from Saunders, 2012:145) -The inductive approach – The abductive approach For this project, the best approach is the deductive approach because the researcher uses existing theories and models to find data in order to check his hypotheses and explain the different phenomenon . 5. 3 Research strategy According to Saunders (2012) the key to your choice of research strategy is that you have to achieve a reasonable level of coherence through your research design which will enable you answer your research questions and meet your objectives. Moreover, Saunde rs describes eight types of research strategies: – Experiment – Survey – Archival Research – Case Study – Ethnography – Action Research – Grounded Theory – Narrative Inquiry For this project, the researcher will combined two different strategies: a survey strategy and Interview 3. 5. 3. 1. Survey StrategyAccording to Saunders et al (2012) Survey using questionnaires is popular. Survey strategy allows you to collect quantitative data which you can analyse using descriptive and inferential statistics. Also can suggest possible reasons for particular relationships between variables and produce models of these relationships. According to Burns et al (2006) there are five advantages of Survey: – Surveys provide for standardization – Easy to administer – Help to uncover unseen data – Easy to analyse – Reveal subgroup differences For this research, the questionnaire will be administered in person.Sau nders et al (2012) stated that Survey is used for exploratory and descriptive research. In this project, the questionnaire will be administered to adult population (over 18) for knowing the level of negative effect on marketing for ignoring health, safety, and environmental standards in children soft drink, and what marketing should response to this ethical issue Saunders (2012) mentioned some advantages of using survey strategy: – gives more control over the research process – Low cost – Data collected is less wide-ranging – Limited questions number – Allowing easy comparison – Easy to explain and understand 3. 5. 3. 2. InterviewAccording to Saunders (2012) there are three categories of interview -structured interview, identical set of questions (standardised) -semi-structured interviews; interviews are non-standardised, the researcher will have a list of themes and some key questions to be covered -unstructured interviews; you use it to ex plore in depth a general area in which you are interested This researcher in this project will take non-standardised interview (semi-structured and unstructured interviews) According to King (2004) unstandardised interviews referred as qualitative research interviews (cited from Saunders 2012) The researcher will take face to face interview and one to one, in public places for consumers. 3. 5. 4 Research method choiceQuantitative method; generally associated with positivism, and often used as a synonym for any data collection technique (such as questionnaire) or data analysis procedure (such as graphs or statistics) that generates or uses numerical data, Qualitative method; generally associated with an interpretive, and often used as a synonym for any data collection technique (such as an interview) or data analysis procedure (such as categories data) that generates or uses non-numerical data According to Blumberg et al, (2008: 218) in business research, qualitative as well as quant itative are appropriate for investigating business research problem What matters is not the choice between quantitative and qualitative, but the quality of the research design and how well the study is conducted This research will take both research methods Qualitative: Interview Quantitative: Questionnaire 3. 5. 5Time horizonSaunders (2012) identified two types of time horizon, and emphasis that the researcher should ask himself: Do I want my research to be at particular time? Or Do I want to be more related to dairy or events over a given period? -longitudinal: the main strength of this research is its capacity to study change and development -cross-sectional studies: The research will be the study of a certain phenomenon at a certain time. As this dissertation must be on restricted time, therefore, the time horizon will be cross-sectional study 3. 6. Population and Sample Saunders (2012) emphasise that it is impossible for you to collect or to analyse all data available to you ow ing to restriction of time, money, and access.Moreover S states that sampling techniques enable you to reduce the amount of data you need to collect by considering only data from a subgroup rather than all possible elements According to Becker (1998) in selecting a sample to study, it should represent the full set of cases in a way that is meaningful and which we can justify (cited from Saunders 2012) the full set of cases from which a sample is taken is called the population According to Saunders (2012) we should not assume that collecting data from every group(census)data from entire population would be more useful than collecting data from sample which represent the entire population because sampling provides a valid alternative to a According to Kinnear et al, (1996) the advantage of sampling rather than conducting a census is: – Saving money – Saving time – More accurate information – Avoiding the destruction of all element in the population Accordin g Teresa Brannick (1997) element refers to the subject in which we have a particular interest and population refers to the complete set of particular type of element 4. Data collection, editing, and findings The next step will be what to do with this information. How the information should be analysed, and proven. . 1. Data collection methods 4. 1. 1 Quantitative approach According to Saunders (2012:458) questionnaire must: – identify the form and layout – Pilot tested prior to their delivery -specify the information needed -the validity and reliability of your data dependents on the design of your questions -consider the wording of individual questions -arrange the question in the proper order 4. 1. 2 Qualitative approach In- depth interview According to Saunders (2012) the interviewer must be: -In proper appearance, -Use different types of questions, – In good behaviour -Good listening -Record data accurately -Able to deal with difficult participant Scope to s ummarise and understand -Open comments when the interview commences Interview advantages: – Flexibility. – Control of the interview situation. – High response rate. Interview disadvantages: – Higher cost – Interviewer bias – Lack of anonymity 4. 2. Data editing Data have to be edited, especially when they relate to responses to open-ended questions of interviews and questionnaires. In other words, information that may have been noted by interviewer or researcher in a hurry must be clearly deciphered so that it may be coded systematically in its entire. Lack of clarity at this stage will result later in confusion Sekaran (2003) 4. 2. 1. QuestionnaireAccording to deVaus (2002) questionnaire is a method of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in predetermine order (cited from Saunders, 2012) According to Malhotra et al (2006) questionnaire has three objectives: -Translate the information needed t o a set of questions – Should be written to minimize demands imposed on respondents – Should minimize response error Saunders stated that questionnaire is one of the most widely used data collection method within the survey strategy. He emphasise that questionnaire should has precise data so that can answer your question and achieve your objective. Moreover, he gave some guidelines in order to maximise your response rate: -Carful design of individual questions -Clear and pleasing layout -Explanation of the purpose of the questionnaire -Pilot testing Carefully planned and executed delivery and return of -completed questionnaire The researcher followed recommendations from several authors in particular from Cooper (2003p456) to have the best data possible by examining answers of questions given to find, if some question were forgotten or half answered or illegibly 4. 2. 2. Semi-structured interview According to Kumar (2011) we must: -Check the data is free from inconsist encies and incompleteness -Practice for interview Kumar (2011) prefers for editing data is to examine all responses given to all the questions by one respondent at a time The researcher will use an audio tape during interview as well as hand written notes to avoid problems of editing 4. 3. Data Coding According to cooper et al (2003) coding is the process of assigning numbers and other symbols to answers so we can classify them to categories.According to Saunders (2012) all data type should be recorded using numerical codes. This enables you to enter data quickly and with few errors. It also makes subsequent analyses. He recommended using existing coding scheme as they: * Save time * Well tested * Allow comparison of your results with others These codes should be included on your data collection form as pre-set codes A code book as defined by Saunders is a complete list of all the codes used to code data variable. 4. 3. 1 Questionnaire Closed questions: To analyze quantitative data Kumar (2011:257) presented four steps: -developing a code book -pre-testing the code book -coding the data verifying the code data Opened questions: There are three ways proposed by Kumar (2011: 256) to cope with the main theme found: -To examine verbatim Reponses and integrate them with text of the report to either support or contradict the argument -to assign code to each theme and count how frequently each has occurred -to combine both methods to communicate findings The researcher combined methods to get the best information and to be more accurate and effective 4. 3. 2. Semi-structured interview Kumar (2011: 278) explained the process as following: -Identifying the main theme -assign cedes to the main theme -classify responses under the main theme Integrate themes and responses into the text of your report 4. 4. Limitation Qualitative research Quantitative research The references -Marketing research within a changing information, Hair Joseph et al, 2003) – Research metho ds for business students, Mark saunders et al, London,2012 -Marketing research, Alvin c Burns et al, New Jersey, 2006 – Basic Marketing research, Naresh K Malhotra et al, New Jersey, 2006 – Marketing research, Thomas C Kinnear, U. S. A, 1996 – Marketing research, Kumar, Gorge, 2011, third edition, London, sage publication -business research methods, Boris Blumberg et al, 2008, – Business research methods, Teresa brannick et al,1997,u. c. -research and writing dissertation, Colin fish, 2004,U. K -management research, Mark smith, 2008, London -Cross-Cultural Evaluation Laczniak, Gene R. , Journal of Public Policy ; Marketing, 07439156, Spring93, Vol. 12, Issue -http://www. learnmarketing. net/ethicalmarketing. htm – Marketing to children, Sharon Beder, Citation: Sharon Beder, New College Institute for Values Research, Sydney, 1998, pp. 101-111 – American Market associationhttp://www. marketingpower. com/_layouts/Dictionary. aspx? dLetter=M â⠂¬â€œ The myth of the ethical consumer – do ethics matter in purchase behaviour? Marylyn Carrigan, Ahmad Attalla, (2001) Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18 Iss: 7, pp. 60 – 578 -Marketing Ethics: Onward Toward Greater Expectations. Laczniak, Gene R. Journal of Public Policy ; Marketing. Spring93, Vol. 12 Issue 1, p91-96. 6p. -Marketing ethics: is there more to it than the utilitarian approach? Jacques Nantel; William A. Weeks. European Journal of Marketing, Jan 1, 1996, Vol. 30, Issue 5 – Paul Cowell, The Marketing Review, 2001, 2, 71-87 – Marylyn Carrigan, Svetla Marinova, Isabelle Szmigin, (2005) â€Å"Ethics and international marketing: Research background and challenges†, International Marketing Review, Vol. 22 Iss: 5, pp. 481 – 493 -: Twedt, Dik Warren. Journal of Marketing. Oct63, Vol. 27 Issue 4, p48-50. 3p. Children and business: pluralistic ethics of marketers,Michelle Bergadaa, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, HEC †“ University of Geneva, Geneva, – Sharpen up your soft options. Batham, Matthew, Caterer ; Hotelkeeper; 10/14/2004, Vol. 193 Issue 4345, p70-70, 1p, 1 Color Photograph -Business of ethics, Laura P. Hartman,2005, third edition. -Business of ethics, John Fraedrich, Linda Ferrell, 4 edition,2000. -Ethics and conduct of business, John R Boatright,2006,5edition -Business ethics, Andrew Crane, 2007, 2 edition. Appendixes Appendix1 Letter asking for an Interview Dear I am completing a master in Marketing with Dublin Business School and I am setting up a research. You are invited to participate in a research study.The purpose of this study is to understand the reactions of the customers towards the marketing for ignoring the safety and health in children soft drinks. I am asking you to help me by allowing an interview to discuss about this issue. I would like to share your opinions and ideas about the above subject the interview will take about 15 minutes. Could you please contact me or give another contact which could be able to answer my questions. Your participation is vital for the study, for my dissertation and for my graduation If you have any quiries please feel free to contact me on 0851229419 or by Email at [email  protected] com I hope to hear from you soon Thank you for taking time to help Fawzi alshike 9 drinaghmore court Ballyogan Appendix 2 A letter asking to fill the questionnaire Dear allI am completing a master in Marketing with Dublin Business School and I am setting up a research. You are invited to participate in a research study. The purpose of this study is to understand the reactions of the customers towards the marketing for ignoring the safety and health in children soft drinks. So I am asking for your help in completing the enclosed questionnaires which is part of my research. Your response is important in enabling me to obtain as full as understanding as possible of this topical issue. The questionnaire should only take about 5 mi nutes to complete. Please ensure the questions in the space provided. If you want to add further comments, please feel free to do so.Your participation is vital for the study, for my research and for my graduation. Please send me back the questionnaire to my personal Email. Pleas fill out the questionnaire by the 20 of this month. Thank you for taking time to help me. Fawzi alshike [email  protected] com Appendix 3 Outline of my literature review 1- The marketing ethics concepts and theories 2- The negative side on marketing for ignoring the health and safety in children soft drink Appendix 4 Timetable management 1 –their opinion about the health and safety in children soft drink 3- is marketing responsible for this ethical issue 4- -what should marketing do to tackle the problem –